Unroll the Swiss roll
A 2-D sheet curled into 3-D. Points are colored by the intrinsic angle t ( blue → magenta → gold). Drag to rotate; the unroll slider flattens the sheet. Probes A and B start one turn apart at the same height — close in 3-D, far along the sheet.
3-D roll (drag · arrows)
Straight segment —— Euclidean · path —— along-the-sheet (10-NN graph)
2-D embeddings
PCA keeps the most variance and folds the sheet; Isomap approximates along-the-sheet distances; UMAP favors local neighborhoods.